Vol. 1 (2025): Origins and Crossings: Foundations of Three Teachings Studies（起源與交匯：三教研究的奠基之作）
This inaugural issue of Three Teachings Studies marks the beginning of a new peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the comparative, intersecting, and independent study of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism.
《三教研究》創刊號，標誌著一份全新學術期刊的誕生。本刊經同行審查，致力於儒家、道教與佛教的比較研究、交會互動與各自發展的獨立探討。
With an emphasis on intellectual history, textual interpretation, ritual practice, and cultural exchange, the journal welcomes contributions across traditions and disciplines.
本刊著重於思想史、文本詮釋、儀式實踐與文化交流，廣泛歡迎涵蓋多重宗教傳統與學科領域之研究投稿。
“Origins and Crossings” serves as a thematic gesture to our long-term aim: to provide a scholarly platform that fosters both historical depth and cross-cultural dialogue in the field of East Asian religious and philosophical studies.
「起源與交匯」不僅為本期主題之象徵，也體現本刊長遠目標：提供一個兼具歷史深度與跨文化對話的學術平台，推動東亞宗教與哲學思想領域的深耕與交流。
Published:
2025-12-30
Articles/論文
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知行の彼岸——日本における陽明心学の受容と再構築 Beyond Knowledge and Action: The Reception and Reconstruction of Yangming Philosophy in Japan
Abstract: English This study examines the process through which Wang Yangming’s philosophy, originating in Ming China, was transmitted to Japan and reconstructed as a unique “philosophy of action.” The research first traces the genealogy of practice in Japanese Yangming Studies, focusing on the contributions of three representative thinkers—Nakae Tōju, Kumazawa Banzan, and Ōshio Heihachirō—who expanded its application from personal ethics to political reform and revolutionary action. It then analyzes the distinctive features of Japanese Yangming Studies: the emphasis on practical ethics over... [Read More] -
《太上感應篇》之倫理思想：三教融合與當代價值的再探 The Ethical System of Taishang Ganying Pian: Three Teachings Integration and Contemporary Significance
Abstract: 中文 《太上感應篇》自宋代以降廣為流傳，作為道教勸善經典，其影響遠超宗教實踐範疇，在倫理思想領域更呈現出儒、釋、道三教交融的獨特風貌。本文從宇宙論根基、道德規範體系與心性修養工夫三個維度，系統闡釋其內在倫理結構。研究指出，《太上感應篇》不僅成功整合三教共通的倫理資源，其蘊含的勸善智慧亦能深刻回應當代社會在公民倫理建構、心理健康促進與生態永續發展等多重面向的迫切關懷。該文本以其平實而深邃的勸善精神，建構了一套超越宗教畛域的普世倫理範式，對當代倫理教育實踐與全球性跨文化對話具有深遠的啟示意義。 English The Scripture of Supreme Response (Taishang Ganying Pian), a Daoist moral tract widely circulated since the Song dynasty, transcends its religious origins to embody a distinctive synthesis of Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ethical thought. This study systematically examines its ethical framework through three interrelated... [Read More] -
佛典何以进入儒、道视野——以“登岸舍筏”阐释路径为例 Why did Buddhist scriptures enter the horizons of Confucianism and Taoism? Taking the interpretive path of "abandoning the raft after reaching the shore" as an example
Abstract: English "Leaving the raft after reaching the shore" is often seen in the Diamond Sutra. This allusion has been cited by literati and Buddhist masters throughout the ages to expound philosophical principles. Explore the historical origin of this Buddhist allusion where the "bamboo raft is compared to Buddhist teachings". Study the changes in the connotation of this allusion in different text contexts. Try to mutually interpret the thoughts of Laozi, Zhuangzi, and Confucianism with the idea of "the bamboo raft as a metaphor for Buddhist teachings". Further explore the classical... [Read More] -
辩经与抗拒：利玛窦《天主实义》与明末“耶佛之辩”考论 Debate and Resistance: Matteo Ricci’s The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven and the Christian–Buddhist Controversy in Late Ming China
Abstract: 中文 在明末文化交流史中，利玛窦（Matteo Ricci, 1552–1610）的传教活动占有重要地位，而《天主实义》作为其代表性中文著作，长期以来被视为中西宗教思想碰撞的关键文本。其中，1599年利玛窦与临济宗僧人雪浪洪恩在南京的论辩（史称“耶佛之辩”），常被学界认为对《天主实义》的成书与修订产生了直接影响。梅谦立、史景迁等学者皆曾从不同角度论证二者的关联，部分研究甚至试图将书中具体章节与洪恩之言一一对应。然而，这种做法往往忽视了文本自身的演变过程与文体特征，从而导致“事件即文本”的简化推论。通过文献学与思想史交叉视野下的考证，能够重新理解利玛窦与洪恩辩论及其与《天主实义》的关系。 English In the history of cultural exchange during the late Ming dynasty, the missionary activities of Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) occupy a pivotal position. His Chinese work The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (Tianzhu Shiyi) has long been regarded as a key text in the encounter and... [Read More] -
缘“情”设“乐”：从《礼记》与《荀子》看儒家的“乐教”思想 Music Based on Affect: Confucian Thoughts of Music Cultivation in the Book of Rites and Xunzi
Abstract: 中文 礼乐文明是中国自上古时期就已经形成的思想文化传统之集大成。文章从音乐的远古起源和宗教性谈起，进一步分析《礼记》《荀子》等文本对音乐与政治关联性思考形成的“乐教”思想。“乐”本于人不可言说的情感，以“感而遂通”的动情同心效果发展出人与天地万物的和合，才能成为先王缘情感人、治国理政的“乐教”，并且为中国古代的“家”意识奠基。从个体人生的关系上看，“乐”代表了在变化无常中对人生方向与意义的确认。从人与家的视角看，情感关系与家园意识是人类建立意义世界的起点。对“乐教”思想的研究在现代性遭到质疑，人类个体意义陷入虚无的当下值得更深入的研究。 English The civilization of Rites and Music (Li and Yue) is the culmination of the ideological and cultural traditions formed in China since ancient times. The article begins with the ancient origins and religious nature of music (Yue), further analyzing the thought of "Music as Cultivation” (Yue Jiao) formed by... [Read More] -
病本的超越：五类二十八种因行的净土思想——以《维摩诘经·佛国品》为中心 Transcending the Root of Illness: Five Categories and Twenty-eight Causal Practices in Pure Land Thought—Centered on the "Buddha Realms Chapter" of the Vimalakirti Sutra
Abstract: 中文 大乘净土围绕一定的“差异”与“共性”来论述娑婆、极乐、兜率、药师等净土思想，以定位“他方国土”与“他方佛”的关系。作为印度初期净土的来源，《维摩诘经》所投射的阿閦佛以及妙喜净土成为解明东亚净土的关键。该经虽有“他力”视域，但二十八种菩萨的“因行”赋予净土实践更偏重“自净其心”的“自力”。相较于中国所侧重的“半自力半他力”，以及日本所强调的“纯他力”，该经反应了印度初期净土的“难行道”，但同时又隐藏了《阿閦佛国经》《般若经》等经典的“他力”倾向。故而本文以“病本”为核心，从超克“病本”之心的“六因”以及二十二种“加行”，来反思“因行”与“国土与众生清净”的关系。 English Mahayana Pure Land discusses Pure Land thoughts of Saha , Sukhavati , Tushita , Medicine Buddha , etc., around certain " differences " and " commonalities " to position the relationship between "other lands " and "other Buddhas ." As the source of early Indian Pure Land , the Akṣobhya... [Read More] -
三教融合视域下李翱心性论探析 An Analysis of Li Ao’s Mind-Nature Theory from the Perspective of Confucian-Buddhist-Daoist Syncretism
Abstract: 中文 李翱是我国中唐时期著名的哲学家、文学家，核心思想是由其《复性书》而阐发的心性论。本文通梳理中唐三教互动的背景以及李翱与佛道思想的接触渊源，并对其《复性书》进行义理解读，进而比照佛道相关理论，揭示其心性论的内在理路与融合转化。李翱以儒学为本，吸收佛教如来藏与道教思想，构建了以“复性”为核心、贯通天人的儒学体系，呈现出“同归型”三教会通的典型特征。李翱心性论的研究为儒学发展提供了义理阐释的新路径，完善了中古三教思想互动与儒家心性之学。 English Li Ao was a prominent philosopher and litterateur of the Mid-Tang period in China, whose core ideas revolve around the theory of mind-nature as elaborated in his work On Recovering Human Nature (Fu Xing Shu). This article traces the context of the interaction among Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism during the Mid-Tang era, examines Li... [Read More] -
Confucian Agency in the Visual Integration of the Three Teachings during the Late Ming
Abstract: This essay explores the perspectives and roles of the literati in the movement for the integration of the three teachings during the mid-to-late Ming period (1368-1644), utilizing a series of images as a basis for analysis. Initially, it analysed two types of images, ' The Three Teachings (三教圖)' images and ' Three Laughers at Tiger Gorge (虎溪三笑圖)', to clarify the attitudes and practices of literati towards the three doctrines before the Ming 明 dynasty. Subsequently, it also examines the transformation of literati attitudes toward three doctrines in the mid-to-late Ming period,... [Read More] -
Influence of the Three Treatises of Buddhism on the TaoistTwofold Mystery School in the Sui and Tang Dynasties
Abstract: During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism maintained independent developmental trends. However, there was a significant shift in their interaction, moving from external functional complementation to internal ideological integration in terms of thinking patterns, ideological elements, and linguistic concepts. This transformation from external to internal has also promoted the great integration of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism based on their psychological tendencies. In this context, this article explores the profound influence of the Three Treatises of... [Read More]
Review Articles/綜述
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“三教合一”的视觉阐释：宋代三教图研究的现状、路径与突破 Visualizing the Unity of the Three Teachings: Current Scholarship, Research Approaches, and New Directions in the Study of Sanjiao Tu during the Song Dynasty
Abstract: 中文 宋代是儒、释、道三教关系走向深度融合的关键时期，“三教合一”思潮不仅体现在思想层面，更在视觉艺术领域产生了极具代表性的文化产物——“三教图”。首先，从思想史背景来看，学界对宋代三教融合之理论内涵、各阶层实践及其社会文化影响的探讨，为理解三教图提供宏观语境。其次，学界聚焦于三教图本身，针对《三教图》《虎溪三笑图》等经典画作的个案研究，涵盖其图像志、风格流变、意识形态隐喻及艺术本体分析。再次，学界考察三教图在后世的题咏、地域文化建构以及在朝鲜、日本等东亚地区的传播与接受情况，展现其跨时空的文化影响力。总之，当前研究在整体性观照、社会维度分析及跨学科整合方面存在不足，未来可系统考察宋代三教图作为一种视觉叙事体系，如何主动参与并塑造了宋人的信仰秩序与文化观念。 English The Song Dynasty marked a pivotal period in the profound integration of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. The “Three Teachings in Unity” movement manifested not only intellectually but also produced highly representative cultural artefacts in... [Read More]
Book Reviews/書評
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評鄭宗義《從宋明理學到當代新儒家》：儒學演進的形上學路徑與當代表述 A Review of Zheng Zongyi’s From Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism to Contemporary New Confucianism: Metaphysical Trajectories and Modern Articulations of Ruist Thought
Abstract: This review evaluates Zheng Zongyi’s From Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism to Contemporary New Confucianism , a comprehensive and philosophically rigorous study that traces the internal evolution of Confucian metaphysics from classical doctrines to modern interpretations. Emphasizing both ontological analysis and ethical praxis, Zheng’s work bridges traditional Ruist cosmology with contemporary philosophical discourse. [Read More] -
Yang Rubin’s Daoism and the Ancient Dao-Techniques
Abstract: This review examines Daoism and the Ancient Dao-Techniques , a recent monograph by Professor Yang Rubin, which offers a bold reconstruction of Daoist origins through the lens of mythological typology and comparative religion. Challenging linear historical paradigms, Yang traces the philosophical foundations of Daoism to pre-philosophical, shamanic practices referred to as gu zhi daoshu . Focusing on the archetypal figures of Huangdi, Laozi, and Zhuangzi, the book reveals a complex spiritual structure underlying the Daoist tradition. This review evaluates the book’s methodological... [Read More]
Forum/論壇
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论“中国”：作为审美式的天命之政治 On 'China': Aesthetics as a Political Manifestation of the Mandate of Heaven
Abstract: 中文 本文立足于先天存在论的理解，探讨「中国」作为一种审美式政治的哲学意涵。文章首先批判以海德格尔后期为代表的「审美化」存在论，指出其以「诗意栖居」逃避存在者面对虚无与承担责任的本真挑战。在此基础上，本文提出「天命之政治」作为此在求存的本真构想，强调历史性本体－实践中的个体性与关系性共构，并以此为先天存在论的范式，分析中国传统政治。文章指出，中国政治建制本质上是一种「极高明而道中庸」的审美结构，并聚焦于其中三要素：「仁」作为关系性共体取代个体性；「礼」实现差异化秩序；「乐」完成审美救赎与心性超越。最后指出，尽管此政治形构了稳定传统，却压抑个体性、回避求存真问题，在面对现代性个体觉醒时，其内在权力结构将现虚伪与强制性。本文旨在为重构面对虚无、实现个体求存的「天命之政治」提供哲学启思。 English This article develops a philosophical analysis of “China” as a form of aesthetic politics, grounded in a framework of a priori ontology. It critiques the aestheticized ontology of Heidegger’s later thought, arguing that “poetic... [Read More] -
邯郸的城隍，你是谁？ Who Is the City God of Handan?
Abstract: 中文 作者身为邯郸人，从童年家门口城隍庙的记忆中萌发了对城隍的好奇—— 比如农历初一、十五庙前的热闹景象，以及城隍诞辰时烧纸扎祭品的仪式。初中时期，他沉迷各类神话故事，接触到 “三教合一” 思想，由此解开了家乡宗教场所中不同神灵混同供奉的谜题。成年后，他主动探访城隍庙，却发现当地供奉的 “姜先生（姜克效）” 并非城隍；邯郸城隍的真实姓名未载入县志，相关石碑也已深埋地下。他仅记录下庙内五尊神像的布局及多神供奉的情况，最终萌生了为邯郸城隍创作一个专属故事的想法。 English The author, a native of Handan, first developed a curiosity about the City God (Chenghuang) from childhood memories of the Chenghuang Temple near his home—such as the bustling scenes on the first and fifteenth days of the lunar month, and the ritual of burning paper effigies during the deity’s birthday celebration. During middle school, he... [Read More] -
「三人行，必有我师焉」：儒家互学观的现代启示 "Among Three, One Is My Teacher": Modern Implications of the Confucian Idea of Mutual Learning
Abstract: 中文 孔子提出的“我师”思想，蕴含着一种开放而省察的学习伦理，体现了儒家对德性修养与人际互动的深刻理解。本文以“三人行，必有我师焉”为核心命题，从经典解读、哲学诠释与当代应用三个层面，探讨儒家互学观在教育理念、社会伦理与数字文明中的当代表达。文章指出，此一思想不仅揭示学习的内在动力，也为面对文化多元与科技挑战的现代社会提供了道德坐标。文章最终提出：“在他者之中成己，以学习之道成仁”，此乃儒家互学精神的现代诠释。 English Confucius' maxim "Among three people walking, there must be one I can learn from" encapsulates a profound ethical view of learning grounded in mutual observation and moral cultivation. This paper reinterprets the Confucian concept of mutual learning (互学) through classical analysis, philosophical reflection, and modern application. It argues that the idea of “My... [Read More] -
仁心为药：儒家伦理对现代医学精神的启示 Benevolence as Medicine: The Ethical Insights of Confucianism into Modern Medical Spirit
Abstract: 中文 在医学科技高速发展的当代社会，医患信任危机、医德滑坡及医者职业倦怠等问题日益严重，促使人们反思医学的本质应超越“治病之术”。本文以儒家“仁”思想为切入点，追溯“仁”的伦理脉络与医学之间的历史关联，强调“医乃仁术”的传统基础，提出“医者需仁已”的现代伦理意涵。在技术主导的医学环境中，呼吁以德驭术，重建以人为本的医学人文精神。文章最后指出，仁心不仅是医生个体修为的体现，更具有重塑医患关系、提升公共信任和促进社会和谐的重要意义。儒家仁学为现代医学提供了一种深厚的人文资源和价值指引，值得在医学教育与制度建设中予以继承与弘扬。 English With the rapid advancement of medical technology, contemporary society faces increasing challenges such as the erosion of doctor-patient trust, the decline of medical ethics, and professional burnout among physicians. This article explores the Confucian concept of ren (benevolence) as a vital ethical resource... [Read More] -
自内证悟，破执显真——《楞伽经》自觉圣智思想对现代社会的启示 Realizing Truth through Inner Awakening: The Implications of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra’s Concept of Self-Realized Noble Wisdom for Modern Society
Abstract: 中文 《楞伽经》作为融汇唯识学与如来藏思想的重要大乘经典，其“自觉圣智”（pratyātma-ārya-jñāna）概念构成理解该经认识论与解脱论的关键枢纽。本文基于文本细读的方法，系统考察“自觉圣智”在“五法、三自性、八识、二无我”教义结构中的理论地位，指出该概念并非指向外在获取的知识形态或经验状态，而是一种通过破除名相执著与妄想分别而显现的内证智慧。文章进一步论证，“自觉圣智”在唯识学对心识运作机制的分析与如来藏思想关于本具清净觉性的理论关怀之间，构成贯通现象认知与解脱境界的认识论枢纽。在此基础上，本文从认识论层面对“自觉圣智”进行当代理解的理论对读，指出《楞伽经》对妄想、名相执与我执的结构性批判，可为反思现代认知、价值与主体性困境提供一种不同于工具理性与经验主义路径的佛教思想视角。 English As a key Mahayana Buddhist text synthesizing Yogācāra (consciousness-only) and Tathāgatagarbha (Buddha-nature) thought, the Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra (Scripture of the Entry into Laṅkā) presents the concept of "self-realized sacred... [Read More]
Documents and Textual Notes/文獻與文本札記
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皇甫湜文集注释（卷一及卷二） Annotations on the Works of Huangfu Shi (Volumes 1 and 2)
Abstract: English Huangfu Shi (777–835), courtesy name Chizheng, was a native of Xin’an in Muzhou (present-day Chun’an County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province). A renowned literatus and poet of the Tang dynasty, he held the official post of Langzhong (郎中, Bureau Director) in the Ministry of Works. As a disciple of Han Yu, he became a key figure in the mid-to-late Tang “Classical Prose Movement.” Importantly, he also played a significant role in the development of Confucian thought as it gradually integrated Buddhist and Daoist philosophies, contributing to the evolution that would later... [Read More]
