Understanding the Digital Transformation of SMEs: A Systematic Review from a Dynamic Capabilities Perspective Across Business, Technology, and Societal Domains
Abstract
The impact of digital technologies on various industries has been transformative, restructuring and disrupting existing business and operational models. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are vital to the economies of countries worldwide, leading to increased interest in their Digital Transformation (DT) from both industry and academia. However, these disruptive changes extend beyond individual companies; they also have environmental and societal implications. Over the past two decades, research on the Digital Transformation of SMEs (SMEs' DT) has garnered significant attention, covering a wide range of topics in the literature. This paper aims to provide insights into the current state of research on SMEs' DT through a systematic literature review. An analysis of co-occurrence using VOSviewer software was conducted to visually represent the literature’s node network. This approach emphasizes key research avenues in Digital Transformation (DT), highlighting technology as the main catalyst for these changes. The literature on SMEs' DT is qualitatively classified into five different clusters, focusing on business (readiness, process, and value chain), technological (AI, big data, cloud computing, blockchain), and societal impacts (Social Responsibility & Sustainability, Politics, Philosophy, Religion & Culture). Several research gaps have been identified in the literature, and they are proposed as future lines of inquiry. By addressing these gaps, valuable insights can be provided to both government and private sectors. These insights can help them adapt to disruptive changes in business and reduce negative impacts on society and the environment.
Keywords:
Digital Transformation (DT); Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs); Technological Innovation; Business Process & Value Chain; Sustainability & Social ResponsibilityData Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Copyright Notice & License:
All articles published in Global Review of Humanities, Arts, and Society (GRHAS) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
This license allows anyone to share, copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work, including for commercial purposes, provided that proper attribution is given to the original author(s) and the source.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Xie, Q., Hanafiah, M. H., Yang, H., Abdul Hamid, R., & Juhdi, N. H. (2025). Mediating effects of sustainability-oriented innovation on the relationship between organizational creativity and sustainable performance among Chinese manufacturing SMEs. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8, Article e2025373. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025373
Oludapo, S., Carroll, N., & Helfert, M. (2024). Why do so many digital transformations fail? A bibliometric analysis and future research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 174, 114528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114528
Rupeika-Apoga, R., & Petrovska, K. (2022). Barriers to Sustainable Digital Transformation in Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Sustainability, 14(20), 13558. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013558
Hu, Y. (2024). The market strategy of the international education industry: A differentiation perspective in research. SHS Web of Conferences, 187, Article 04011. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418704011
Sagala, G. H., & Őri, D. (2024). Toward SMEs digital transformation success: A systematic literature review. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 22(4), 667–719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-024-00682-2
Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Qi Dong, J., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022
Parra-Sánchez, D. T., & Talero-Sarmiento, L. H. (2024). Digital transformation in small and medium enterprises: A scientometric analysis. Digital Transformation and Society, 3(3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1108/DTS-06-2023-0048
Kraus, S., Jones, P., Kailer, N., Weinmann, A., Chaparro-Banegas, N., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2021). Digital Transformation: An Overview of the Current State of the Art of Research. Sage Open, 11(3), 21582440211047576. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211047576
Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
Castillo-Vergara, M., Álvarez-Marín, A., & Placencio-Hidalgo, D. (2018). A bibliometric analysis of creativity in the field of business economics. Journal of Business Research, 85, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.011
Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). Science mapping software tools: Review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(7), 1382–1402. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21525
Jeong, D.-H., & Koo, Y. (2016). Analysis of trend and convergence for science and technology using the VOSviewer. International Journal of Contents, 12(3), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.5392/IJoC.2016.12.3.054
Mas-Verdu, F., Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, J.-M., Nieto-Aleman, P. A., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2021). A systematic mapping review of European Political Science. European Political Science, 20(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-021-00320-2
López-Rubio, J., Senent, M. F., Otegui, J., & Palacios-Marqués, D. (2021). A bibliometric analysis of digital transformation research. Journal of Business Research, 144, 1063–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.041
Zhou, H. (2022). Research on Digital Transformation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Driven by Dual Agent Collaboration. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Internet and Digital Economy (ICAID 2022) (pp. 428–437). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-010-7_45
Qin, L., Xie, W., & Jia, P. (2024). Value chain digitalization, global value chain embeddedness, and distributed innovation in value chains. Sustainability, 16(7), 2845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072845
Salamah, E., Huo, B., & Zhao, X. (2023). Unveiling the impact of digitalization on supply chain performance in the post-COVID-19 era: The mediating role of supply chain integration and efficiency. Sustainability, 16(1), 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010304
Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., & Kiron, D. (2017). Accelerating digital innovation inside and out: Agile teams, ecosystems, and ethics. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(1), 34–44. https://www.sadil.ws/bitstream/handle/123456789/14/Accelerating%20Digital%20Innovation%20Inside%20and%20Out.pdf
Gong, C., & Ribiere, V. (2021). Developing a unified definition of digital transformation. Technovation, 102, 102217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102217
Henderson, M., Selwyn, N., & Aston, R. (2017). What works and why? Student perceptions of “useful” digital technology in university teaching and learning. Studies in Higher Education, 42(8), 1567–1579. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1007946
Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003
Pupakova, K., Lavrin, A., & Zelko, M. (2004). Business information and knowledge services for SMEs. In H. Christoph & G. Christoph (Eds.), Proceedings of IDIMT 2004 – Information Systems Development and Modern Technologies (pp. –). IDIMT. https://scispace.com/pdf/digitalization-of-smes-and-their- perceptions-regarding-1m4m4l5w.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Haryanti, T., Rakhmawati, N. A., & Subriadi, A. P. (2024). Assessing the Digital Transformation Landscapes of Organization: The Digital Transformation Self-Assessment Maturity Model (DX-SAMM). Procedia Computer Science, 234, 1561–1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.03.158
Zhang, X., Xu, Y., & Ma, L. (2022). Research on successful factors and influencing mechanism of the digital transformation in SMEs. Sustainability, 14(5), 2549. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052549
Gurbaxani, V., & Dunkle, D. (2019). Gearing up for successful digital transformation. MIS Quarterly Executive, 18(3), Article 6. Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/misqe/vol18/iss3/6
Gökalp, E., & Demirörs, Ç. (2022). Digital transformation maturity assessment: Development of DX-CMM. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(20), 6282–6302. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17150
Teichert, R. (2019). Digital transformation maturity: A systematic review of literature. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 67(6), 1673–1687. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967061673
Aras, A., et al. (2023). A holistic digital maturity model based on a systematic literature review. Systems, 11(4), 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11040213
Gökalp, E., & Martinez, V. (2021). Digital transformation maturity assessment: development of the digital transformation capability maturity model. International Journal of Production Research, 60(11), 6282–6302. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1991020
Jäkel, J.-I., Fischerkeller, F., Oberhoff, T., & Klemt-Albert, K. (2024). Development of a maturity model for the digital transformation of companies in the context of Construction Industry 4.0. Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 29, 778–809. https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2024.034
Garzoni, A., De Turi, I., Secundo, G., & Del Vecchio, P. (2020). Fostering digital transformation of SMEs: A four-levels approach. Management Decision. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2019-0939
Sebastian, I. M., Ross, J. W., Beath, C., Mocker, M., Moloney, K. G., & Fonstad, N. O. (2017). How big old companies navigate digital transformation. MIS Quarterly Executive, 16(3), 197–213. Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/misqe/vol16/iss3/6/
Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., & Venkatraman, N. (2013). Digital business strategy: Toward a next generation of insights. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.2.01
Matt, C., Hess, T., & Benlian, A. (2015). Digital transformation strategies. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 57(5), 339-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-015-0401-5
Teece, D. J. (2018). Business models and dynamic capabilities. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.007
Matarazzo, M., Penco, L., Profumo, G., & Quaglia, R. (2021). Digital transformation and customer value creation in Made in Italy SMEs: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Journal of Business Research, 123, 642–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.033
Warner, K. S. R., & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 326–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2018.12.001
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10–11), 1105–1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200010/11)21:10/11
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7
Winter, S. G. (2003). Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 991–995. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.318
Haryanti, T., Rakhmawati, N. A., & Subriadi, A. P. (2024). Assessing the Digital Transformation Landscapes of Organization: The Digital Transformation Self-Assessment Maturity Model (DX-SAMM). Procedia Computer Science, 234, 1561–1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.03.158
Wilden, R., Gudergan, S. P., Nielsen, B. B., & Lings, I. (2013). Dynamic capabilities and performance: Strategy, structure and environment. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 72–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.12.001
Ambrosini, V., Bowman, C., & Collier, N. (2009). Dynamic capabilities: An exploration of how firms renew their resource base. British Journal of Management, 20, S9–S24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00610.x
Collis, D. J. (1994). Research note: How valuable are organizational capabilities? Strategic Management Journal, 15(S1), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250150910
Danneels, E. (2002). The dynamics of product innovation and firm competences. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1095–1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.275
Zahra, S. A., Sapienza, H. J., & Davidsson, P. (2006). Entrepreneurship and dynamic capabilities: A review, model and research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 917–955. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00616.x
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
Teece, D. J. (2014). A dynamic capabilities-based entrepreneurial theory of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(1), 8–37. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2013.54
Klötzer, C., & Pflaum, A. (2017). Toward the development of a maturity model for digitalization within the manufacturing industry’s supply chain. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 4210–4219). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2017.509
Remane, G., Hanelt, A., Tesch, J. F., & Kolbe, L. M. (2017). The business model pattern database—A tool for systematic business model innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 1750004. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919617500049
Müller, J. M., Buliga, O., & Voigt, K.-I. (2018). Fortune favors the prepared: How SMEs approach business model innovations in Industry 4.0. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132, 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.12.019
Frank, A. G., Dalenogare, L. S., & Ayala, N. F. (2019). Industry 4.0 technologies: Implementation patterns in manufacturing companies. International Journal of Production Economics, 210, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.01.004
Nambisan, S., Wright, M., & Feldman, M. (2019). The digital transformation of innovation and entrepreneurship: Progress, challenges and key themes. Research Policy, 48(8), 103773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.018
Lucas, H. C., Jr., Agarwal, R., Clemons, E. K., El Sawy, O. A., & Weber, B. (2013). Impactful research on transformational information technology: An opportunity to inform new audiences. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.2.03
Venkatraman, N. (1994). IT-enabled business transformation: From automation to business scope redefinition. Sloan Management Review, 35(2), 73–87. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/itenabled-business-transformation-from-automation-to-business-scope-redefinition
Chen, J. E., Pan, S. L., & Ouyang, T. H. (2014). Routine reconfiguration in traditional companies’ e-commerce strategy implementation: A trajectory perspective. Information & Management, 51(2), 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2013.11.008
Tan, B., Pan, S. L., Lu, X., & Huang, L. (2015). The role of IS capabilities in the development of multi-sided platforms: The digital ecosystem strategy of Alibaba.com. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 16(4), 248–280. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00393
Romero, I., & Mammadov, H. (2025). Digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises as an innovation process: A holistic study of its determinants. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16, 8496–8523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02217-z
Lyngdorf, N. E. R., Jiang, D., & Du, X. (2024). Frameworks and models for digital transformation in engineering education: A literature review using a systematic approach. Education Sciences, 14(5), 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050519
Hacklin, F., Björkdahl, J., & Wallin, M. W. (2018). Strategies for business model innovation: How firms reel in migrating value. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 82–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.009
Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 172–194.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003
Chesbrough, H. (2010). Business model innovation: Opportunities and barriers. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.010
Doz, Y. L., & Kosonen, M. (2010). Embedding strategic agility: A leadership agenda for accelerating business model renewal. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3), 370–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.006
Dymitrowski, A., & Mielcarek, P. (2022). Business model innovation based on new technologies – is it resources driven and dependent? European Business Review, 34(5), 729–748. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-06-2021-0128
Tortorella, G. L., Prashar, A., Saurin, T. A., & Carim, G., Jr. (2022). Impact of Industry 4.0 adoption on workload demands in contact centers. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 32(4), 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20961
Conner, D. R. (1992). Managing at the speed of change: How resilient managers succeed and prosper where others fail. Villard Books. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/managingatspeedo0000conn
Andriole, S. J. (2017). Five Myths about Digital Transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(3). https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/five-myths-about-digital-transformation/
Masuda, Y. (2021). Digital enterprise architecture for global organizations. In Intelligent Systems Reference Library (Vol. 188, pp. 265–286). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49640-1_14
Van Veldhoven, Z., & Vissers, G. (2021). Digital transformation as an interaction-driven perspective. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256226
Cichosz, M., Wallenburg, C. M., & Knemeyer, A. M. (2020). Digital transformation at logistics service providers: Barriers, success factors and leading practices. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 31(2), 209–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-08-2019-0229
Osmundsen, K., Iden, J., & Bygstad, B. (2018). Digital Transformation: Drivers, Success Factors, and Implications. In Proceedings of the 12th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS 2018), Corfu, Greece. AIS eLibrary. https://aisel.aisnet.org/mcis2018/37
Vogelsang, K., Liere-Netheler, K., Packmohr, S., & Hoppe, U. (2018). Success factors for fostering a digital transformation in manufacturing companies. Journal of Enterprise Transformation, 8(1–2), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/19488289.2019.1578839
Werth, O., Schwarzbach, C., Rodríguez Cardona, D., Breitner, M. H., & Graf von der Schulenburg, J.-M. (2020). Influencing factors for the digital transformation in the financial services sector. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 109, 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12297-020-00486-6
Nadeem, K., Wong, S. I., Za, S., & Venditti, M. (2024). Digital transformation and Industry 4.0 employees: Empirical evidence from top digital nations. Technology in Society, 76, 102434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102434
Kohli, R., & Johnson, S. (2011). Digital transformation in latecomer industries: CIO and CEO leadership lessons from Encana Oil & Gas (USA) Inc. MIS Quarterly Executive, 10(4), 141–156. https://aisel.aisnet.org/misqe/vol10/iss4/3
Singh, A., & Hess, T. (2017). How Chief Digital Officers promote the digital transformation of their companies. MIS Quarterly Executive, 16(1), 1–17. https://aisel.aisnet.org/misqe/vol16/iss1/5
Hansen, A. M., Kraemmergaard, P., & Mathiassen, L. (2011). Rapid adaptation in digital transformation: A participatory process for engaging IS and business leaders. MIS Quarterly Executive, 10(4), Article 5. https://aisel.aisnet.org/misqe/vol10/iss4/5
Zhen, Z., Yousaf, Z., Radulescu, M., & Yasir, M. (2021). Nexus of digital organizational culture, capabilities, organizational readiness, and innovation: Investigation of SMEs operating in the digital economy. Sustainability, 13(2), 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020720
Reinartz, W., Wiegand, N., & Imschloss, M. (2019). The impact of digital transformation on the retailing value chain. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 36(3), 350–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2018.12.002
Grewal, D., Roggeveen, A. L., & Nordfält, J. (2017). The future of retailing. Journal of Retailing, 93(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2016.12.008
Zott, C., & Amit, R. (2017). Business model innovation: How to create value in a digital world. GfK Marketing Intelligence Review, 9(1), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1515/gfkmir-2017-0003
Li, F. (2020). The digital transformation of business models in the creative industries: A holistic framework and emerging trends. Technovation, 92–93, 102012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2017.12.004
Ramaswamy, V., & Ozcan, K. (2018). What is co-creation? An interactional creation framework and its implications for value creation. Journal of Business Research, 84, 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.11.027
Perren, R., & Kozinets, R. V. (2018). Lateral exchange markets: How social platforms operate in a networked economy. Journal of Marketing, 82(1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.14.0250
Taiminen, H. M., & Karjaluoto, H. (2015). The usage of digital marketing channels in SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(4), 633–651. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-05-2013-0073
Berman, S. J. (2012). Digital transformation: Opportunities to create new business models. Strategy & Leadership, 40(2), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878571211209314
Swani, K., Milne, G., & Brown, B. P. (2013). Spreading the Word through Likes on Facebook: Evaluating the message strategy effectiveness of Fortune 500 companies. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 7(4), 269–294. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-05-2013-0026
Poushneh, A., & Vasquez-Parraga, A. Z. (2017). Discernible impact of augmented reality on retail customer's experience, satisfaction and willingness to buy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 34, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.10.005
Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Jurić, B., & Ilić, A. (2011). Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions & implications for research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670511411703
Jaakkola, E., & Alexander, M. (2014). The role of customer engagement behavior in value co-creation: A service system perspective. Journal of Service Research, 17(3), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670514529187
Tsarouhas, P., & Papaevangelou, N. (2024). Critical Steps and Conditions to Be Included in a Business Model in Logistics, Seeking Competitive Advantage from the Perspective of the Modern Digital Age and Industry 4.0. Applied Sciences, 14(7), 2701. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072701
Mielcarek, P., & Dymitrowski, A. (2022). Business model innovation based on new technologies – is it resources driven and dependent. European Business Review, 34(5), 729–748. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-06-2021-0128
Bresciani, S., Ferraris, A., & Del Giudice, M. (2018). The management of organizational ambidexterity through alliances in a new context of analysis: Internet of Things (IoT) smart city projects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.03.002
Scuotto, V., Arrigo, E., Candelo, E., & Nicotra, M. (2019). Ambidextrous innovation orientation effected by the digital transformation: A quantitative research on fashion SMEs. Business Process Management Journal, 26(5), 1200-1220. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-03-2019-0135
Omrani, N., Rejeb, N., Maalaoui, A., Dabic, M., & Kraus, S. (2024). Drivers of digital transformation in SMEs. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3215727
Allouch, M., Azaria, A., & Azoulay, R. (2021). Conversational agents: Goals, technologies, vision and challenges. Sensors, 21(24), 8448. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248448
George, A. S., Hovan George, A. S., & Gabrio Martin, A. S. (2023). A review of ChatGPT AI’s impact on several business sectors. Partners Universal International Innovation Journal, 1(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7644359
Arman, M., & Lamiya, U. R. (2023). Exploring the implication of ChatGPT AI for business: Efficiency and challenges. Journal of Innovation Information Technology and Application, 5(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.35970/jinita.v5i1.1828
Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., et al. (2023).“So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” – Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative AI for research, practice, and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642
Rheu, M., Shin, J. Y., Peng, W., & Huh-Yoo, J. (2021).Trust-building factors and implications for conversational agent design: A systematic review. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 37(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1807710
Lambropoulos, G., Mitropoulos, S., & Douligeris, C. (2021, September). A review on cloud computing services, concerns, and security risk awareness in the context of digital transformation. In 2021 6th South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference (SEEDA-CENSM) (pp. 1–8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEEDA-CENSM53007.2021.9650709
National Security Agency. (2020, January 22). Mitigating cloud vulnerabilities. https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jan/22/2002237484/-1/-1/0/CSI-MITIGATING-CLOUD-VULNERABILITIES_20200121.PDF
Subashini, S., & Kavitha, V. (2011). A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 34(1), 1–11. Kostakis, P., & Kargas, A. (2021). Big-data management: A driver for digital transformation? Information, 12(10), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12100411
Mikalef, Papadopoulos, Krogstie & Pappas (2018) — “Big data analytics capabilities and firm performance: Effects of dynamic capabilities.” Information & Management, 55(8), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.09.007
Wamba Sabié, Akter, Edwards, Chopin & Gnanzou (2015) — “How “big data” can make big impact: Findings from a systematic review and a longitudinal case study.” International Journal of Production Economics, 165, 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.12.034
Maroufkhani, P., Wagner, R., Ismail, W. N. S. W., & Baroto, M. B. (2020).Big data analytics adoption in SME sector: Toward a TOE framework.International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102104.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102104
Priyadarshinee, P., Raut, R. D., Jha, M. K., & Gardas, B. B. (2017). Understanding and predicting the determinants of cloud computing adoption: A two staged hybrid SEM–neural networks approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 341–362.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563217304491?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Choudhury, V., & Sabherwal, R. (2003). Portfolios of control in outsourced software development projects. Information Systems Research, 14(3), 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.3.291.16563
Bush, A. A., Tiwana, A., & Tsuji, H. (2008). An empirical investigation of the drivers of software outsourcing decisions in Japanese organizations. Information and Software Technology, 50(6), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2007.08.006
Kim, A. J., & Ko, E. (2010). Impacts of luxury fashion brand’s social media marketing on customer relationship and purchase intention. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 1(3), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/20932685.2010.10593068
Alshirah, M. H., Lutf i, A., Alshira’h, A. F., Saad, M., Ibrahim, N. M. E., & Mohammed, F. M. (2021). Influences of the environmental factors on the intention to adopt cloud-based accounting information system among SMEs in Jordan. Accounting, 7, 645–654. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2020.12.013
Lutfi, A. (2020). Investigating the moderating role of environmental uncertainty between institutional pressures and ERP adoption in Jordanian SMEs. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(3), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030091
Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Li, M., Qu, F., Poon, C. S., Zhu, X., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2024). Durability and micromechanical properties of biochar in biochar-cement composites under marine environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 450, 141842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141842
Liyanaarachchi, G., Thaichon, P., & Weaven, S. (2019). Managing the privacy paradox through sharing economy. In Proceedings of the 2019 Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference (ANZMAC 2019). Griffith University.https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstreams/27b79e3e-071e-4510-9c68-19dfde08ed03/download?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Cozzio, C., Volgger, M., Taplin, R., & Woodside, A. G. (2023). Toward an integration of blockchain technology in the food supply chain: Consumer trust and value co-creation perspective. Journal of Business Research, 162, Article 113909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113909
Mazzù, M. F., Romani, S., Baccelloni, A., & Gambicorti, A. (2023). The effects of combining front-of-pack nutritional labels on consumer understanding, trust, and decision-making. Nutrition, 105, Article 111849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111849
Schlatt, V., Guggenberger, T., Schmid, J., & Urbach, N. (2023). Attacking the trust machine: Developing an information systems research agenda for blockchain cybersecurity. International Journal of Information Management, 68, Article 102470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102470
Parviainen, P., Tihinen, M., Kääriäinen, J., & Teppola, S. (2017). Tackling the digitalization challenge: How to benefit from digitalization in practice. International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management, 5(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm050104
Costa Melo, I., Queiroz, G. A., Alves Junior, P. N., Sousa, T. B. D., Yushimito, W. F., & Pereira, J. (2023). Sustainable digital transformation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A review on performance. Heliyon, 9(3), e13908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13908
Xie, Q., Hanafiah, M. H., Yang, H., Abdul Hamid, R., & Juhdi, N. H. (2025). Mediating effects of sustainability-oriented innovation on the relationship between organizational creativity and sustainable performance among Chinese manufacturing SMEs. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8, Article e2025373. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025373
Dunn, N. A., Unni, D. R., Diesh, C., Muñoz-Torres, M., Harris, N. L., … & others. (2019). Apollo: Democratizing genome annotation. PLOS Computational Biology, 15(2), e1006790. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006790
Chauhan, A., Singh, A., & Rajesh, R. (2022). A literature review on disruption in supply chain due to COVID-19 pandemic and future research directions. Operations Management Research, 15(1–2), 73–88.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00216-3
Mu, W., Liu, K., Tao, Y., & Ye, Y. (2023). Digital finance and corporate ESG. Finance Research Letters, 51, 103426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103426
Hu, Y., & Min, H. K. (2023). The dark side of artificial intelligence in service: The “watching-eye” effect and privacy concerns. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 110, 103437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103437
Trittin-Ulbrich, H., Scherer, A. G., Munro, I., & Whelan, G. (2021). Exploring the dark and unexpected sides of digitalization: Toward a critical agenda. Organization, 28(??) — see note below. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420968184
Ahmad, M., Wu, Q., & Ahmed, S. (2024). Does CSR digitalization improve the sustainable competitive performance of SMEs? Evidence from an emerging economy. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 15(1), 119–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-03-2023-0169
Mariani, M., Perez-Vega, R., & Wirtz, J. (2023). AI adoption in business: The role of trust and perceived risk. Journal of Business Research, 158, 113702.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113702
Nadkarni, S., & Prügl, R. (2021). Digital transformation: A review, synthesis and opportunities for future research. Management Review Quarterly, 71(2), 233–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00185-7
Aminullah, E., Fizzanty, T., Nawawi, N., Suryanto, J., Pranata, N., Maulana, I., Ariyani, L., Wicaksono, A., Suardi, I., Azis, N. L. L., & Budiatri, A. P. (2024). Interactive components of digital MSMEs ecosystem for inclusive digital economy in Indonesia. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 487–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-01086-8
Farahat, A., Kooti, F., & Vassilvitskii, S. (2020). Political advertising and online influence: Transparency, manipulation, and accountability. Communications of the ACM, 63(12), 22–25.https://doi.org/10.1145/3383441
Hoferer, M., Böttcher, L., Herrmann, H. J., & Gersbach, H. (2020). The impact of technologies in political campaigns. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 538, 122795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122795
Polonski, V. (2017, August 9). How artificial intelligence silently took over democracy. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/artificial-intelligence-can-save-democracy-unless-it-destroys-it-first/
Bakir, V. (2020). Psychological operations in digital political campaigns: Assessing Cambridge Analytica’s psychographic profiling and targeting. Frontiers in Communication, 5, Article 67. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.00067 Frontiers+1
Tapsell, R. (2021). Social media and elections in Southeast Asia: The emergence of subversive, underground campaigning. Asian Studies Review, 45(1), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1841093
Sairambay, Y. (2020). Reconceptualising political participation. Human Affairs, 30(1), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2020-0011
Devterov, I., Tokar, L., Silvestrova, O., Lozo, O., & Poperechna, G. (2024). Philosophical dimensions of digital transformation and their impact on the future. Futurity Philosophy, 3(4), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.57125/fp.2024.12.30.01
Wheaton, J., & Kreps, D. (2023). Towards a critical realist approach to the dark side of digital transformation. Human Dynamics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2023.1252458
Nida-Rümelin, J., & Staudacher, K. (2023). Philosophical foundations of digital humanism. In Philosophical Foundations of Digital Humanism (pp. 17–30). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_2
Nadkarni, S., & Prügl, R. (2021). Digital transformation: A review, synthesis and research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 58(3), 1027–1072. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12639
Held, P., Heubeck, T., &Meckl, R. (2025). Boosting SMEs’ digital transformation: the role of dynamic capabilities in cultivating digital leadership and digital culture. Review of Managerial Science. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-025-00919-5
O’Reilly, P., Scanlon, M., O’Leary, K., & Duane, A. (2020). Ethics in digital transformation: Navigating responsible digital innovation. Journal of Business Ethics, 167(4), 761–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04183-9
Michel, P. (2020). Robots and the technological unemployment debate: A socio-philosophical analysis. AI & Society, 35(3), 753–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00908-5
Mittelstadt, B. D. (2019). Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(11), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0114-4
Schaefer, M., & Steinmann, S. (2020). Digital ecosystems as drivers of trust in digital transformation. Digital Business, 1(2), 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2020.100011
Floridi, L. (2019). The logic of information: A theory of philosophy as conceptual design. Oxford University Press.https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-logic-of-information-9780198833635
Calvo, R. A., & Peters, D. (2020). Positive computing: Technology for wellbeing and human potential. MIT Press.https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262529105/positive-computing/
Loi, D. (2020). Design, wellbeing, and the future: Toward human-centered digital societies. Journal of Design for Sustainability, 10(2), 45–60.https://journals.sfu.ca/jds/index.php/jds/article/view/202
Campbell, H. A. (2019). Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452697
Cheong, P. H., & Ess, C. (Eds.). (2012). Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, practices and futures. Peter Lang.https://www.peterlang.com/document/1054254
Firnando, H. G. (2024). Navigating digital transformation through Islamic ethics. ICON: International Journal of Contemporary Islam, Islamic Cultural Studies, and Civilization Perspectives, 2(1), 1–10.https://mail.icon.ftk.uinjambi.ac.id/index.php/icon/article/view/84
Zhang, Z. (2025, November 15). Science and religion: How to face the “AI judgment” — A letter to all humanity]. WeChat Public Account. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/dyqkJ0LpiVw2FgYZbRZZ5w
Jiang, Y., Wang, J., & Huang, Y. (2024). Does religious atmosphere affect enterprise digital transformation? Evidence from China. Research in International Business and Finance, 70, 102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102389
Hilary, G., & Hui, K. W. (2009). Does religion matter in corporate decision making? Journal of Financial Economics, 93(3), 455–473.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.001
Chen, H., Liang, S., & Xu, J. (2023). Early-life religious exposure and corporate risk-taking: Evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 79, 102347.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2023.102347
El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C. C. Y., & Mishra, D. R. (2012). Does religion matter in corporate decision-making? Evidence from capital structure. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(2), 179–198.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1422-2
McGuire, S. T., Omer, T. C., & Sharp, N. Y. (2012). The impact of religion on financial reporting irregularities. The Accounting Review, 87(2), 645–673.https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10149
Glänzel, W., & Moed, H. F. (2002). Journal impact measures in bibliometric research. Scientometrics, 53(2), 171–193.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014848323806
Aksnes, D. W., & Rip, A. (2009). Researchers’ perceptions of citations. Research Evaluation, 18(3), 207–216.https://doi.org/10.3152/095820209X470518
Schwab, K., & Malleret, T. (2020). COVID-19: The great reset. Forum Publishing.https://www.weforum.org/books/covid-19-the-great-reset/

